Ultrafiltration devices are used to recycle and reuse water that practically consists of no solid contaminants. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the ‘retentate’, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate. The membranes are superfine having around 0.001 microns for filteringorganic and inorganic polymeric molecules and colloidal materials. It has a high tolerance to feed water quality upsets, is an absolute barrier, and improves water quality. In this type of filtration, the osmotic pressure difference is quite negligible across the surface of the membrane as the filtration is done for high molecular weight particles. This helps in achieving high flux rates without applying high pressure.
Flux rate is the number of permeate products that pass through the per unit area of membrane for a given time unit. This process is similar to reverse osmosis except that the liquid stream flows along the membrane surface tangentially, creating two streams. The stream which comes in contact with the membrane is called the ‘Permeate’. Permeation rate is affected by various factors such as quality of feed, characteristics of the membrane and the operating conditions. The other stream is called ‘Concentrate’ which gets dense further due to molecules and ions.
Where to use Ultrafiltration filters?
UltraFiltration equipment can be used to turn raw water into potable by removing particulates and macromolecules. These filters can effectively replace the existing industrial water treatment systems involving secondary and tertiary processes such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, and chlorination generally employed in Effluent treatment plant. Ultrafiltration methods are favored over traditional treatment methods for the following reasons:
Reasons to use Ultrafiltration Units
- Compact plant size
- Exceeds regulatory water quality standards by achieving 90-100% pathogen removal.
- No chemicals involved during filtration except while cleaning
- Consistent quality regardless of feeds
The waster recycled from the UF units can be used for a number of industrial applications such as in boiler or cooling tower feed water supplementation, pH adjustment, washing equipment, fire protection, process rinse water or processing water for production lines in manufacturing industries, toilets, dust control, construction activities etc. Using recycled water saves a lot of energy and money by reducing freshwater water usage and wastewater treatment requirements.
Factors affecting the performance of UF
Velocity: The velocity of the flow across the surface of the membrane directly affects the permeate rate. Permeate rate is an important parameter in the case of high viscosity liquids such as suspensions and emulsions. The higher the flow the more the pumping required. Hence, in order to avoid loss of energy, it is required to restrict the velocity within the limits.
Pressure: The permeate rate is also affected by the pressure across the membrane. The structural limitations require the operating pressure to be kept at low especially for ultrafiltration using capillary technology. Higher pressures cause compaction and fouling.
Temperature: Another factor which affects the UF performance is the ambient temperature. The permeate rate increases with the increase in temperature.
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